TOOL

drilling machine

Ancient drilling machine - "bow pulley". Drilling technology has a long history. Archaeologists have now discovered that human beings invented the device for drilling in 4000 BC. The ancients put a crossbeam on two columns, hung a rotating awl from the crossbeam downward, and then twisted the bow string to drive the awl to rotate, so that holes could be drilled on wood and stone. Before long, people also designed a drilling tool called "windlass", which also uses elastic bow strings to make the awl rotate. The first drilling machine (Whitworth, 1862). Around 1850, German Mattignoni had already made a Fried Dough Twists drill for metal drilling. At the International Exposition held in London, England in 1862, the Briton Whitworth exhibited the drill press with cast iron cabinet frame driven by power, which became the prototype of modern drill press. Later, various drilling machines came into being one after another, including radial drilling machines, drilling machines equipped with automatic feed mechanism, and multi-spindle drilling machines capable of drilling multiple holes at one time. Due to the improvement of tool materials and drill bits, as well as the use of electric motors, large high-performance drilling machines have finally been manufactured. numerical control machine It is the abbreviation of digital control machine tool. It is an automatic machine tool equipped with a program control system. The control system can logically process and decode the program specified by the control code or other symbolic instructions, so as to make the machine move and process the control unit of the parts. The operation and monitoring of the NC machine tool are all completed in this NC unit, which is the brain of the NC machine tool. High machining accuracy and stable machining quality; Multi-coordinate linkage can be carried out, and parts with complex shapes can be processed; When processing parts are changed, generally only the NC program needs to be changed, which can save production preparation time; The machine tool itself has high accuracy and rigidity. It can choose favorable processing consumption and high productivity (generally 3~5 times of that of ordinary machine tools); High degree of automation of machine tools can reduce labor intensity; It requires higher quality of operators and higher technical requirements of maintenance personnel.

facing machine

In the process of invention, many things are often complementary and interlinked: in order to make steam engines, boring machines are needed to help; After the invention of the steam engine, it began to call for the gantry planer in terms of technological requirements. It can be said that the invention of the steam engine led to the development of the "working machine" from boring machine and lathe to the design of the planer. In fact, a planer is a kind of "planer" for cutting metal. Gantry planer for processing large plane (1839). Due to the need for plane machining of steam engine valve seats, many technicians have started to study this aspect since the beginning of the 19th century, including Richard Robert, Richard Platt, James Fox and Joseph Clement. They have independently manufactured gantry planers in 25 years since 1814. This gantry planer is used to fix the processed object on the round-trip platform, and the planer cuts one side of the processed object. However, this kind of planer has no tool feeding device, and is in the process of transforming from "tool" to "machine". In 1839, a British man named Bomerd finally designed a gantry planer with a knife feeding device. Shaping machine for processing small plane. Another Englishman, Nesmith, has invented and manufactured a shaper for processing small planes within 40 years since 1831. It can fix the processed objects on the bed, while the tool moves back and forth. Since then, due to the improvement of tools and the emergence of motors, the gantry planer has developed towards high-speed cutting and high-precision on the one hand, and large-scale on the other hand. Grinding machine Grinding is an ancient technology known to mankind since ancient times. In the Paleolithic Age, this technology was used to grind stone tools. Later, with the use of metal tools, the development of grinding technology was promoted. However, the design of famous grinding machines is still a modern matter. Even in the early 19th century, people still grind by rotating the natural grinding stone to make it contact with the processed object. The first grinding machine (1864). In 1864, the United States made the world's first grinding machine. This is a device that installs grinding wheels on the slide carriage of the lathe and makes it have automatic transmission. After 12 years, Brown of the United States invented a universal grinder that was close to the modern grinder.

Milling machine

Milling machine refers to the machine tool that mainly uses milling cutter to process various surfaces on the workpiece. Generally, the rotation motion of the milling cutter is the main motion, and the movement of the workpiece (and) milling cutter is the feed motion. It can process planes, grooves, and various curved surfaces, gears, etc. A milling machine is a machine tool that uses a milling cutter to mill the workpiece. In addition to milling plane, groove, gear tooth, thread and spline shaft, milling machine can also process more complex profile, with higher efficiency than planer, and is widely used in mechanical manufacturing and repair departments. In the 19th century, the British invented boring machines and planers for the needs of the industrial revolution such as the steam engine, while the Americans concentrated on the invention of milling machines in order to produce a large number of weapons. The milling machine is a machine with milling cutters of different shapes. It can cut workpiece of special shapes, such as spiral groove, gear shape, etc. As early as 1664, the British scientist Hooker made a machine for cutting by rotating circular cutters. This is a primitive milling machine, but the society did not respond enthusiastically to it at that time. In the 1840s, Pratt designed the so-called Lincoln milling machine. Of course, it is Whitney, the American, who really establishes the position of milling machines in machine manufacturing. The first ordinary milling machine (Whitney, 1818). In 1818, Whitney produced the world's first ordinary milling machine. However, the patent of the milling machine was obtained by Bodmer (the inventor of the planer with a cutter feeding device) in 1839. Because of the high cost of the milling machine, there were not many customers at that time. The first universal milling machine (Brown, 1862). After a period of silence, the milling machine became active again in the United States. In contrast, Whitney and Pratt can only say that they have done groundbreaking work for the invention and application of milling machines. The achievements of the real invention of milling machines that can be applied to various operations in the factory should belong to the American engineer Joseph Brown. In 1862, Brown of the United States produced the world's earliest universal milling machine. This kind of milling machine is an epoch-making innovation in the preparation of universal indexing plate and integrated milling cutter. The worktable of the universal milling machine can rotate a certain angle in the horizontal direction, and is equipped with end milling head and other accessories. When his "universal milling machine" was exhibited at the Paris Exposition in 1867, it achieved great success. At the same time, Brown also designed a form milling cutter that will not deform after grinding, and then manufactured a grinder for milling cutter, making the milling machine reach this level.

boring mill

Although the factory handicraft industry is relatively backward, it has trained and brought up many skilled workers. Although they are not experts in manufacturing machines, they can manufacture various kinds of hand tools, such as knives, saws, needles, drills, cones, grinders, shafts, sleeves, gears, bedsteads, and so on. In fact, machines are assembled from these parts. Da Vinci, the early designer of boring machine. Boring machine is known as "the mother of machinery". Speaking of boring machine, we have to talk about Da Vinci first. This legendary figure may be the designer of the boring machine used for metal processing. The boring machine he designed is powered by hydraulic power or pedal. The boring tool rotates close to the workpiece, and the workpiece is fixed on the mobile platform driven by the crane. In 1540, another painter painted a painting of "Pyrotechnics", which also had the same boring machine drawing. At that time, boring machines were specially used for finishing hollow castings. The first boring machine (Wilkinson, 1775) was born for the processing of cannon barrel. In the 17th century, due to military needs, the artillery manufacturing industry developed very rapidly. How to manufacture the barrel of the artillery became a major problem that people urgently needed to solve. The world's first real boring machine was invented by Wilkinson in 1775. In fact, to be exact, Wilkinson's boring machine is a kind of drilling machine capable of accurately processing artillery. It is a hollow cylindrical boring bar, with both ends installed on bearings. Wilkinson was born in the United States in 1728. When he was 20 years old, he moved to Staffordshire and built the first iron smelting furnace in Bileston. Therefore, Wilkinson was called "the blacksmith master of Staffordshire". In 1775, at the age of 47, Wilkinson made continuous efforts in his father's factory and finally produced this new machine that can drill the barrel of a cannon with rare accuracy. Interestingly, after Wilkinson died in 1808, he was buried in a cast iron coffin designed by himself. Boring machines made important contributions to Watt's steam engine. If there were no steam engine, there would be no wave of the second industrial revolution at that time. In addition to the necessary social opportunities, the development and application of the steam engine itself also have some technical prerequisites that can not be ignored, because the manufacturing of steam engine parts is far from as easy as the carpenter cutting wood. It is necessary to make metal into some special shapes, and the processing accuracy requirements are high. It is impossible to do without corresponding technical equipment. For example, for the cylinder and piston of steam engine, the precision of the outer diameter required in the piston manufacturing process can be measured from the outside while cutting, but to meet the precision requirements of the inner diameter of the cylinder, it is not easy to use general processing methods.

Common types

Lathe 1) Ancient "bow lathe" with pulleys and bow rods. As early as in ancient Egypt, people have invented the technology of turning wood with a tool when it rotates around its central axis. At first, people used two standing trees as supports to erect the wood to be turned, rolled the rope onto the wood using the elasticity of the branches, pulled the rope by hand or foot to turn the wood, and cut it with a knife. This old method gradually evolved into two or three loops of rope on the pulley, and the rope was placed on the elastic rod bent into an arch, and the bow was pushed and pulled back and forth to make the processed object rotate so as to carry out turning, which is called "bow lathe". 2) "Pedal lathe" driven by crankshaft and flywheel in the Middle Ages. In the Middle Ages, someone designed a "pedal lathe" that uses a pedal to rotate the crankshaft and drive the flywheel, and then drives it to the main shaft to make it rotate. In the middle of the 16th century, a French designer named Besson designed a lathe for turning screws with a screw to slide the tool. Unfortunately, this kind of lathe has not been widely used. 3) The headbox and chuck were born in the 18th century In the 18th century, another person designed a kind of rotary crankshaft with pedal and connecting rod, which can store the rotational kinetic energy on the lathe on the flywheel, and developed from directly rotating the workpiece to rotating the headstock, which is a chuck for clamping the workpiece. 4) The Englishman Mozley invented the tool holder lathe (1797) In the story of the invention of the lathe, an Englishman named Mozley is striking, because he invented the epoch-making tool holder lathe in 1797, which is equipped with precision guide screws and interchangeable gears.

Threading lathes and gear processing machines used by watchmakers appeared

The rudiment of machine tools in the 15th century, due to the need of manufacturing clocks and weapons, appeared the thread lathe and gear processing machine tools used by watchmakers, and the hydraulically driven barrel boring machine. Around 1501, the Italian Leonardo da Vinci drew the conceptual sketches of lathes, boring machines, thread processing machines and internal grinding machines, including new mechanisms such as cranks, flywheels, and bearings. The structure of the grinding machine is also contained in the "Heavenly Craft" published in the Ming Dynasty of China. The iron plate is rotated by pedaling, and sand and water are added to cut jade. The industrial revolution led to the emergence and improvement of various machine tools. The industrial revolution in the 18th century promoted the development of machine tools. In 1774, the Englishman Wilkinson (full name: John Wilkinson) invented a more precise barrel boring machine. The next year, he used this barrel boring machine to bore the cylinder, which met the requirements of Watt steam engine. In order to bore larger cylinders, he also manufactured a hydraulic cylinder boring machine in 1775, which promoted the development of steam engines. Since then, the machine tool has been driven by steam engine through crankshaft. In 1797, the lathe created by Mosley, an Englishman, was driven by a lead screw, which can realize motorized feed and thread turning. This is a major change in the structure of the machine tool. Mozley is also known as "the father of British machine tool industry". In the 19th century, due to the promotion of textile, power, transportation machinery and armament production, various types of machine tools emerged one after another. In 1817, the Englishman Robert created the gantry planer; In 1818, American Whitney (full name Eli Whitney) made a horizontal milling machine; In 1876, the United States made a universal cylindrical grinder; In 1835 and 1897, gear hobbing machine and gear shaper were successively invented.